Explanation, Understanding, and Subjectivity Essay -- Philosophy Philo

Explanation, Understanding, and SubjectivityABSTRACT Many theorists of commentary from Hempel onward have worked with the explicit or implicit given that considerations of the subjective sense of understanding should be kept out of the formulation of a proper theory of explanation. They claim that genuine understanding of an event comes completely from being in an appropriate cognitive relation to the true explanation of that event. I argue that considerations of the subjective sense of understanding cannot be completely outback(a) from the process of formulating and justifying an acceptable theory of explanation. Although understanding is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for an explanation, understanding is necessary as an initial guide to the personality of explanation. The widespread method of providing counterexamples for criticizing theories of explanation presupposes that there is a neutral method of identifying at least some clear cases of explanation and some clear cases of non-explanations. I argue that the only plausible method to fill this role relies essentially on the subjective sense of understanding. Objective validation of judgments about explanatoriness comes only by dint of a complex process of social correction of our initial intuitive judgments regarding explanation. It is clear that understanding and explanation are related. It is unclear exactly how they are related. We enunciate both of explaining-why and understanding-why some event occurred. Explanations typically produce understanding in those who consider them, and the sense of increased understanding typically comes from consideration of an explanation. Consideration of an explanation can, however, fail to produce in someone an increased level o... ...3-256. Reprinted in Explanation, ed. David Hillel-Ruben, 160-181. New York and Oxford Oxford University Press, 1993.1989. Explanation and Metaphysical Controversy. In scientific Explanation, ed. Philip Kitcher and We sley C. Salmon, 220-252. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press.Salmon, Wesley C. 1970. Statistical Explanation. In The Nature and Function of Scientific Theories, ed. Robert G. Colondy, 173-231. Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press. Reprinted in Salmon et al. (1971).Salmon, Wesley C. 1984. Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton Princeton University Press.Salmon, Wesley C., with Richard C. Jeffrey and James G. Greeno. 1971. Statistical Explanation and Statistical Relevance. Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press.van Fraassen, Bas. 1980. The Scientific Image. Oxford Clarendon Press.

Lao Yzu :: essays research papers

Lao Tzsu Tao Te Ching Discussion Questions1. What is the most valuable way to live? Discuss the two examples of this idea.The most valuable way to live is to live passively. An example of this idea includes being able to ride roughshod over the hardest in the world means unrivalled quite a little lasts time-consuming in this competitive world by being passive. And only a few in the world means that not too many enlighten the way of life is to live passively.2. Discuss the first three questions in this poem. What is that in line 7? The first three questions in this poem asks the subscriber to reflect. That in line 7 can mean the word because. That can also represent the many complexities in life due to value. 3. What is contentment jibe to this poet? Of what value is this state of mind?According to this poet contentment comes but not holding grudge because it states that excessive meanness is sure to lead to great expense. It tells one to let go because being angry and having things bottled up can only hurt oneself. 4. Highest good or the way indicates a state of perfection in life. What does this poem recommend as a way to approach life?The poem recommends one to approach life like water because water is an vital element that has no conflict in any positions. It is able to adapt and go in area and position that is ideal.5. What is the authors point most materialism and excesses? What is his recommendation to the reader about the way to live? One of the authors point about materialism and excesses is not to be greedy. in that respect is no point to be greedy because one can loses as much as it makes and no one can use possess of its wealth after death. The key is to have just enough because wealth can create problem. His recommendation to life is do what you have to do. 6. What paradox is presented in this poem?The paradox presented in tis poem is that a seemingly weak object water can be as strong as anything. The weak can overcomes the strong and th e submissive can overcomes the hard. 7. Which personal qualities are valuable in rulers, according to the poet?According to the poet valuable qualities in rulers should be the ability to admit and held trustworthy for the wrongs done in its empire.

Short Story Essay examples -- essays research papers

There was a girl named Kandy, she was 15 grades old. Her life was extremely boring, all she invariably did was go to school, go on her computer, eat and sleep. She spent all summer on her computer. She was really good with HTML and spent her free time reservation web sites. Kandy didnt have many friends and rarely talked to guys because she was shy and unconfident about her looks. Thats why she went into chat rooms. She made a web site with pictures of herself on it and told people in chat rooms to go there. A lot of people would tell her how pretty she was and some would say she was ugly. That made her feel awful. When anyone would say anything nice to her, she wouldnt recall them and think that they were just making fun of her. She only had one real friend that she could talk to, her name was Ang.School was starting next week and Kandy has to go shopping for new uniform. That was the only thing she enjoyed more than being on her computer. She absolutely loved clothes. Kandy wa s very girlie and always wore high heels, nail polish, jewelry, make up and plenty of lip gloss. subsequently deciding that she wanted to be different, she bought shoes that werent high heels.The first day of school started and Kandy was in 10th grade. Her new clothes got her a lot of attention, everyone complimented her about how they loved what she was wearing. That was the only thing she was confident about, her clothes. She knew that her style was awesome. Her best friend, Ang, was in two of her classes. Kandy thought that this would be the best year of school because she never had any friends in any of her classes before. Turns out they both had the same lunch. They would talk up by the road, on the sidewalk, to Speedway everyday for lunch. For some lawsuit people would always honk at them and one day a girl yelled out the window and called them sluts. Obviously because she was jealous. The first few old age of school went by fast, then kept moderniseting slower and slower.A fter a few days, Kandy saw this really hot guy named Jesse. But of take to the woods she was to shy to talk to him. She thought that if she told him how she felt about him that he wouldnt like her and think that she was ugly. So she didnt say anything. Kandy and Ang both had a friend named Gary. Kandy told Gary about how she like Jesse but she didnt realize that he was friends with Jesse. Gary told Jesse that Kandy li... ...d he was buying her a present. Pulling out a wrapped box, Gary handed it to Kandy. She quickly opened it to find a beautiful necklace. She put it on and hugged him. They had enough of shopping, and went to see a movie. Kandy suggested a horror movie, so she had an excuse to get close to Gary. Too bad they didnt get to see most of the movie, because they were making out. That was the best five dollars she ever spent. Holding hands, Gary walked Kandy and Ang to their car. She said good bye and drove off.When Kandy got home, she went on her computer to her chat r oom, messaged her online friends and told them how she wasnt press release to be on there any more. They asked why and she explained to them how she has a boyfriend now and she doesnt need them. They were heartbroken, but she didnt care, she only cared about Gary.The next day, Gary called her and said that he feels uncomfortable being around her and scared to even say hi. He asked her if it was all right if they would just be friends. She said sure, hung up on him, and started to cry.After a few days she forgot all about him, and continued with her chatting, and found a new guy to become obsessed with.

Education Philosophy Statement :: Teaching Education Essays

Education Philosophy Statement As a sophomore, I was needed to compile a genre of educational philosophies and create my own philosophy in the process. Today, as a senior I am required to edict that statement into one that is sophisticated and goodly based on new information that I have received in the last two years. mavin instructor said to me, Your view on educational elements may have changed, and another said, Randy, your philosophy on the way you view yourself as a instructor and the view of your classroom may have evolved into a more manageable, realistic perspective, and they were both right. In the first draft of my philosophy, it states that I see myself as a teacher with an eclectic view on teaching children. Although I still believe in my eclectic ways because it gives the students and me a variety of ways to learn, it has evolved into a more specific, eclectic philosophy. For example, I stated that in my classroom the children would be involved with as much of the classroom decisions as possible. In contrast, I straightaway believe that the instructor is the primary decision-maker allowing the students to give their input on certain situations and keeping their concerns in mind when making the final decision. Why do I feel that way now? I have observed two different schools and two different grade levels an 8th grade classroom and a 12th grade classroom. What works in at one level does not work at the other, meaning, observing a teacher who incorporated the student government, so to speak, in her classroom did not always succeed in getting anywhere in the end. I have learned that the students are not as diplomatic as I once believed, followed by the fact that the students do not always know what they want or what is the best for them as a class. While I am on the subject of observing classrooms, another area of my philosophy that I now view with a sophisticated, inte lligent insight is extra-curricular activities.

The Immigration And Asylum Debate :: essays research papers

Russian nationalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky has once again horrified the politically correct and "culturally sensitive" by suggesting that sinlessness people, who comprise yet eight percent of the worlds population, should unite to keep from being overwhelmed by non-Whites. The reaction from Western governments and the news media to their current archdemon has been predictable. Any attempt to preserve the integrity of the White race, in their view, constitutes the or so vile form of racism and bigotry, and anyone advocating such a plan must be pilloried as a dangerous criminal.It is, therefore, no awe that only a few farsigitical philosophers have addressed the looming American immigration crisis. Our elected officials have failed for more than two decades to act to control immigration. As a result, demographers atomic number 18 already taking note of the dramatic changes occurring in the population of the United States.Leon Bouvier and Cary Davis, respected demographers w ith the Population Reference Bureau, prepared population projections demonstrating the changes which large-scale trey World immigration is causing.They warn that projections are not predictions. Immigration could increase or decrease. The future will never turn out to be on the button like the projections. Yet projections by the population experts are important because they give an approximation of future population demographics if immigration continues at current high levels.What do the experts predictions show?Current levels of immigration are transforming the United States from a predominantly European-descended, English- speaking nation into a melting pot, a land in which Asians, non-White Hispanics, Blacks and Whites are all minorities.This transformation is happening fastest in the states favored by immigrants, such as California, Texas, Florida and New York. The speed with which this change occurs depends on the level of immigration. Because most immigration to the United S tates is now illegal, no precise figure can be given for annual net immigration. However, Immigration and Naturalization Service officials and confidential information scholars are able to make educated estimates.Legal immigration is currently in excess of 600,000 persons annually. Illegal immigrants fall into two broad categories (1) visa abusers/ double-faced document users and (2) surreptitious border crossers.The latter category is well known to the American public. Chiefly Mexicans and new(prenominal)s from Central America, these illegal aliens cross the border without visas or other documentation -- usually under cover of darkness.More than 1.2 million such aliens were captured this year, and Border Patrol agents estimate that two to three illegal aliens slip by for each one that is apprehended.

The Immigration And Asylum Debate :: essays research papers

Russian nationalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky has once again horrified the politically correct and "culturally fine" by suggesting that White people, who comprise only eight percent of the worlds population, should unite to keep from being overwhelmed by non-Whites. The reaction from Western governments and the news media to their current archdemon has been predictable. both attempt to preserve the integrity of the White race, in their view, constitutes the most vile form of racism and bigotry, and anyone advocating such a plan must be pilloried as a dangerous criminal.It is, therefore, no surprise that only a few farsigitical philosophers have addressed the looming American immigration crisis. Our elected officials have failed for more than cardinal decades to act to control immigration. As a result, demographers are already taking note of the dramatic changes occurring in the population of the United States.Leon Bouvier and Cary Davis, respected demographers with the Popula tion graphic symbol Bureau, prepared population projections demonstrating the changes which large-scale Third World immigration is causing.They warn that projections are not predictions. Immigration could increase or decrease. The future will never turn out to be exactly like the projections. Yet projections by the population experts are important because they give an approximation of future population demographics if immigration continues at current high levels.What do the experts predictions show?Current levels of immigration are transforming the United States from a predominantly European-descended, English- speaking nation into a resolve pot, a land in which Asians, non-White Hispanics, Blacks and Whites are all minorities.This transformation is happening fastest in the states favored by immigrants, such as California, Texas, Florida and New York. The quicken with which this change occurs depends on the level of immigration. Because most immigration to the United States is no w bootleg, no precise figure can be given for annual light up immigration. However, Immigration and Naturalization Service officials and leading scholars are able to make educated estimates.Legal immigration is currently in excess of 600,000 persons annually. Illegal immigrants travel by into twain broad categories (1) visa abusers/fraudulent document users and (2) surreptitious border crossers.The latter category is well known to the American public. Chiefly Mexicans and others from Central America, these illegal aliens cross the border without visas or other documentation -- usually under cover of darkness.More than 1.2 million such aliens were captured this year, and Border Patrol agents estimate that two to three illegal aliens slip by for each one that is apprehended.